NF ISO 80601-2-84

NF ISO 80601-2-84

November 2020
Standard Cancelled

Medical electrical equipment - Part 2-84 : particular requirements for the basic safety and essential performance of ventilators for the emergency medical services environment

This document applies to the basic safety and essential performance of an EMS ventilator in combination with its accessories, hereafter also referred to as ME equipment: intended for patients who need differing levels of support from artificial ventilation including ventilator-dependent patients; intended to be operated by a healthcare professional operator; intended for use in the EMS environment; and intended for invasive or non-invasive ventilation. NOTE 1 An EMS ventilator can also be used for transport within a professional healthcare facility. * An EMS ventilator is not considered to utilize a physiologic closed loop-control system unless it uses a physiological patient variable to adjust the ventilation therapy settings. This document is also applicable to those accessories intended by their manufacturer to be connected to the ventilator breathing system, or to an EMS ventilator, where the characteristics of those accessories can affect the basic safety or essential performance of the EMS ventilator. NOTE 2 If a clause or subclause is specifically intended to be applicable to ME equipment only, or to ME systems only, the title and content of that clause or subclause will say so. If that is not the case, the clause or subclause applies both to ME equipment and to ME systems, as relevant. Hazards inherent in the intended physiological function of ME equipment or ME systems within the scope of this document are not covered by specific requirements in this document except in IEC 60601-1:2005, 7.2.13 and 8.4.1. NOTE 3 Additional information can be found in IEC 60601-1:2005+AMD1:2012, 4.2. This document does not specify the requirements for the following: ventilators or accessories intended for ventilator-dependent patients in critical care applications, which are given in ISO 80601-2-12. ventilators or accessories intended for ventilator-dependent patients in the home healthcare environment, which are given in ISO 80601-2-72[3]. ventilators or accessories intended for anaesthetic applications, which are given in ISO 80601‐2‐13[4]. ventilators or accessories intended for ventilatory support equipment (intended only to augment the ventilation of spontaneously breathing patients), which are given in ISO 80601‑2-79[5] and ISO 80601-2-80[6] [1]. obstructive sleep apnoea therapy ME equipment, which are given in ISO 80601‐2‐70[7]. operator-powered resuscitators, which are given in ISO 10651‐4[8]. gas-powered emergency resuscitators, which are given in ISO 10651‐5[9]. continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) ME equipment . high‐frequency jet ventilators (HFJVs), which are given in ISO 80601-2-87[11]. high‐frequency oscillatory ventilators (HFOVs)[10], which are given in ISO 80601-2-87[11]. NOTE 4 An EMS ventilator can incorporate high-frequency jet or high-frequency oscillatory ventilation-modes. cuirass or "iron‐lung" ventilators. [1] ISO 80601-2-79 and ISO 80601-2-80 replace ISO 10651-6, which has been withdrawn.

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Main informations

Collections

National standards and national normative documents

Publication date

November 2020

Number of pages

134 p.

Reference

NF ISO 80601-2-84

ICS Codes

11.040.10   Anaesthetic, respiratory and reanimation equipment

Classification index

S95-186-2-84

Print number

1

International kinship

Sumary
Medical electrical equipment - Part 2-84 : particular requirements for the basic safety and essential performance of ventilators for the emergency medical services environment

This document applies to the basic safety and essential performance of an EMS ventilator in combination with its accessories, hereafter also referred to as ME equipment:

  • intended for patients who need differing levels of support from artificial ventilation including ventilator-dependent patients;
  • intended to be operated by a healthcare professional operator;
  • intended for use in the EMS environment; and
  • intended for invasive or non-invasive ventilation.

NOTE 1 An EMS ventilator can also be used for transport within a professional healthcare facility.

* An EMS ventilator is not considered to utilize a physiologic closed loop-control system unless it uses a physiological patient variable to adjust the ventilation therapy settings.

This document is also applicable to those accessories intended by their manufacturer to be connected to the ventilator breathing system, or to an EMS ventilator, where the characteristics of those accessories can affect the basic safety or essential performance of the EMS ventilator.

NOTE 2 If a clause or subclause is specifically intended to be applicable to ME equipment only, or to ME systems only, the title and content of that clause or subclause will say so. If that is not the case, the clause or subclause applies both to ME equipment and to ME systems, as relevant.

Hazards inherent in the intended physiological function of ME equipment or ME systems within the scope of this document are not covered by specific requirements in this document except in IEC 60601-1:2005, 7.2.13 and 8.4.1.

NOTE 3 Additional information can be found in IEC 60601-1:2005+AMD1:2012, 4.2.

This document does not specify the requirements for the following:

  • ventilators or accessories intended for ventilator-dependent patients in critical care applications, which are given in ISO 80601-2-12.
  • ventilators or accessories intended for ventilator-dependent patients in the home healthcare environment, which are given in ISO 80601-2-72[3].
  • ventilators or accessories intended for anaesthetic applications, which are given in ISO 80601‐2‐13[4].
  • ventilators or accessories intended for ventilatory support equipment (intended only to augment the ventilation of spontaneously breathing patients), which are given in ISO 80601‑2-79[5] and ISO 80601-2-80[6] [1].
  • obstructive sleep apnoea therapy ME equipment, which are given in ISO 80601‐2‐70[7].
  • operator-powered resuscitators, which are given in ISO 10651‐4[8].
  • gas-powered emergency resuscitators, which are given in ISO 10651‐5[9].
  • continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) ME equipment .
  • high‐frequency jet ventilators (HFJVs), which are given in ISO 80601-2-87[11].
  • high‐frequency oscillatory ventilators (HFOVs)[10], which are given in ISO 80601-2-87[11].

NOTE 4 An EMS ventilator can incorporate high-frequency jet or high-frequency oscillatory ventilation-modes.

  • cuirass or "iron‐lung" ventilators.

[1] ISO 80601-2-79 and ISO 80601-2-80 replace ISO 10651-6, which has been withdrawn.

Standard replaced by (1)
NF EN ISO 80601-2-84
November 2023
Standard Current
Medical electrical equipment - Part 2-84 : particular requirements for the basic safety and essential performance of ventilators for the emergency medical services environment

<p class="PARAGRAPH"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">This </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">document</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> applies to the <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">basic safety</em> and <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">essential performance</em> of an <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">EMS</em> <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ventilator</em> in combination with its <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">accessories</em>, hereafter also referred to as <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ME equipment:</em> </span></p> <p class="MsoListContinue" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¾<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';">     </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">intended for <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">patients</em> who need differing levels of support from <em>artificial ventilation</em> including <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ventilator-dependent</em> <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">patients</em>;</span></p> <p class="MsoListContinue" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¾<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';">     </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">intended to be operated by a <em>healthcare professional operator</em>;</span></p> <p class="MsoListContinue" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¾<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';">     </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">intended for use in the <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">EMS environment</em>; and</span></p> <p class="MsoListContinue" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¾<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';">     </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">intended for invasive or non-invasive <em>ventilation</em>.</span></p> <p class="Note"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';">NOTE 2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">     </span>An <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">EMS</em> <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ventilator </em>can also be used for transport within a <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">professional healthcare facility</em>.</span></p> <p class="PARAGRAPH"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">An <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">EMS ventilator</em> is not considered to use a <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">physiologic closed loop-control system</em> unless it uses a physiological <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">patient</em> variable to adjust the  <em>artificial</em> <em>ventilation</em> therapy settings.</span></p> <p class="PARAGRAPH"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">This </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">document</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> is also applicable to those <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">accessories</em> intended by their <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">manufacturer</em> to be connected to the <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ventilator</em> <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">breathing system</em>, or to an <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">EMS</em> <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ventilator</em>, where the characteristics of those <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">accessories</em> can affect the <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">basic safety</em> or <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">essential performance</em> of the <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">EMS</em> <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ventilator</em>. </span></p> <p class="Note"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';">NOTE 3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">     </span>If a clause or subclause is specifically intended to be applicable to <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ME equipment</em> only, or to <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ME systems</em> only, the title and content of that clause or subclause will say so. If that is not the case, the clause or subclause applies both to <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ME equipment</em> and to <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ME systems</em>, as relevant.</span></p> <p class="PARAGRAPH"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Hazards</span></em><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> inherent in the intended physiological function of <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ME equipment</em> or <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ME systems</em> within the scope of this document are not covered by specific requirements in this document except in </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">IEC 60601‑1:2005+AMD1:2012+AMD2:2020, 7.2.13 and 8.4.1.</span></p> <p class="Note"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';">NOTE 4</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">     </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Additional information can be found in IEC 60601-1:2005+AMD1:2012</span><span lang="EN-GB">+AMD2:2020</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, 4.2.</span></p> <p class="PARAGRAPH"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">This </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">document</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> does not specify the requirements for the following:</span></p> <p class="Note"><span lang="EN-GB">NOTE 5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">     </span>See ISO/TR 21954 for guidance on the selection of the appropriate <em>ventilator</em> for a given <em>patient</em>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span></span></p> <p class="MsoListContinue" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¾<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';">     </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">ventilators</span></em><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> or <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">accessories</em> intended for <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ventilator-dependent</em> <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">patients</em> in critical care applications, which are given in ISO 80601-2-12. </span></p> <p class="MsoListContinue" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¾<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';">     </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><em><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;">ventilators</span></em><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;"> or <em>accessories</em> intended </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">for <em>ventilator-dependent</em> <em>patients</em> in the <em>home healthcare environment</em>, which are given in ISO 80601-2-72. </span></p> <p class="MsoListContinue" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¾<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';">     </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;">ventilators</span></em><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;"> or <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">accessories</em> intended </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">for anaesthetic applications, which are given in ISO 80601‑2‑13. </span></p> <p class="MsoListContinue" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¾<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';">     </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">ventilators</span></em><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> or <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">accessories</em> intended for ventilatory support equipment (intended only to augment the <em>ventilation</em> of spontaneously breathing <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">patients</em>), which are given in ISO 80601‑2-79 and ISO 80601-2-80. </span></p> <p class="MsoListContinue" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¾<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';">     </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">obstructive sleep apnoea therapy</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> </span><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">ME equipment</span></em><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">, which are given in ISO 80601‐2‐70. </span></p> <p class="MsoListContinue" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¾<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';">     </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">user</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">-powered resuscitators, which are given in ISO 10651‐4. </span></p> <p class="MsoListContinue" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¾<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';">     </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">gas-powered emergency resuscitators, which are given in ISO 10651‐5. </span></p> <p class="MsoListContinue" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¾<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';">     </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><em><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">continuous positive airway pressure</span></em><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk126857754;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> (<em>CPAP</em>) <em>ME equipment</em>.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoListContinue" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¾<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';">     </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">high‐frequency jet <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ventilators</em> (HFJVs), which are given in ISO 80601-2-87.</span></p> <p class="MsoListContinue" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¾<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';">     </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">high‐frequency oscillatory <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ventilators</em> (HFOVs)</span><!-- [if supportFields]><sup><span style='mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> REF _Ref69393406 \r \h <span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>\* MERGEFORMAT <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span></sup><![endif]--><sup><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">[44]<!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000D0000005F00520065006600360039003300390033003400300036000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span></sup><!-- [if supportFields]><sup><span style='mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></sup><![endif]--><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">, which are given in ISO 80601-2-87.</span></p> <p class="Note" style="margin-left: 18.9pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';">NOTE</span><span lang="EN-GB"> 6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">      </span>An <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">EMS</em> <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ventilator</em> can incorporate high-frequency jet or high-frequency oscillatory <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ventilation-modes</em>.</span></p> <p class="MsoListContinue" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¾<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';">     </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">respiratory high-flow therapy equipment, which are given in ISO 80601-2-90.</span></p> <p class="Note" style="margin-left: 18.9pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';">NOTE</span><span lang="EN-GB"> 7<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">      </span>An <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">EMS</em> <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ventilator</em> can incorporate high-flow therapy operational mode, but such a mode is only for spontaneously breathing <em>patients</em>.</span></p> <p class="MsoListContinue" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¾<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';">     </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">oxygen therapy constant flow <em>ME equipment</em>.</span></p> <p class="MsoListContinue" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¾<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';">     </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">cuirass or “iron‐lung” <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ventilators</em>.</span></p>

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